Kamsala caste is surname of many people in southern India. Kamsala caste meaning is The Kamsalas, or, as they are sometimes called, Kamsaras, are the Telugu equivalent of the Tamil Kammalans. They are found northward as far as Berhampore in Ganjam. According to tradition, as narrated in the note on Kammalans, they emigrated to the districts in which they now live on the disruption of their caste by a certain king. The Kamsalas of Vizagapatam, where they are numerically strong, say that, during the reign of a Chola king, their ancestors claimed equality with Brahmans. This offended the king, and he ordered their destruction. The Kamsalas fled northward, and some escaped death by taking shelter with people of the Ozu caste. As an acknowledgment of their gratitude to their protectors, some of them have Ozu added to their house-names, e.g, Lakkozu, Kattozu, Patozu, etc.
The Kamsalas have territorial sub-divisions, such as Murikinadu, Pakinadu, Dravida, etc. Like the Kammalans, they have five occupational sections, called Kamsali (goldsmiths), Kanchari or Musari (brass-smiths), Vadrangi [142](carpenters), and Kasi or Silpi (stone-masons). In a note on the Kamsalas of the Godavari district, Mr. F. R. Hemingway writes that they recognise two main divisions, called Desayi (indigenous) and Turpusakas (easterns) or immigrants from Vizagapatam. They sometimes speak of their occupational sub-divisions as gotras. Thus, Sanathana is the iron, Sanaga, the wooden, Abhonasa, the brass, Prathanasa, the stone, and Suparnasa, the gold gotra. Intermarriage takes place between members of the different sections, but the goldsmiths affect a higher social status than the blacksmiths, and do not care to interdine or intermarry with them. They have taken to calling themselves Brahmans, have adopted Brahmanical gotras, and the Brahmanical form of marriage rites. They quote a number of well-known verses of the Telugu poet Vemana, who satirised the Brahmans for their shortcomings, and refer to the Sanskrit Mulastambam and Silpasastram, which are treatises on architecture. They trace their descent from Visvakarma, the architect of the gods. Visvakarma is said to have had five sons, of whom the first was Kammaracharya. His wife was Surelavathi, the daughter of Vasishta. The second was Vadlacharyudu. The third was Rudra or Kamcharacharya of the Abhavansa gotra, whose wife was Jalavathi, the daughter of Paulasthya Brahma. The fourth was Kasacharyudu of the Prasnasa gotra. His wife was Gunavati, the daughter of Visvavasa. The fifth was Agasalacharya or Chandra of the Suvarnasa gotra, whose wife was Saunati, the daughter of Bhrigumahamuni. Visvakarma had also five daughters, of whom Sarasvathi was married to Brahma, Sachi Devi to Indra, Mando Dari to Ravana, and Ahalya to Gautama. Since they were married to the devatas, their descendants acquired the title of [143]Acharya. The use of the umbrella, sacred thread, golden staff, the insignia of Garuda, and the playing of the bheri were also allowed to them. It is recorded by the Rev. J. Cain83 that the so-called right-hand castes object most strongly to the Kamsalilu being carried in a palki (palanquin), and three years ago some of them threatened to get up a little riot on the occasion of a marriage in the Kamsali caste. They were deprived of this opportunity, for the palki was a borrowed one, and its owner, more anxious for the safety of his property than the dignity of the Kamsali caste, recalled the loan on the third day. A ringleader of the discontented was a Madras Pariah. The Kamsalilu were formerly forbidden to whitewash the outside of their houses, but municipal law has proved stronger in this respect than Brahmanical prejudice. The Kamsalas of Ganjam and Vizagapatam do not make such a vigorous claim to be Brahmans, as do those further south. They rear poultry, partake of animal food, do not prohibit the use of alcoholic liquor, and have no gotras. They also have sub-divisions among them, which do not wear the sacred thread, and work outside the village limits. Thus, the Karamalas are a section of blacksmiths, who do not wear the sacred thread. Similarly, the Baita Kammaras are another section of blacksmiths, who do not wear the thread, and, as their name implies, work outside the village. In Vizagapatam, almost the only castes which will consent to receive food at the hands of Kamsalas are the humble Malas and Rellis. Even the Tsakalas and Yatas will not do so. There is a popular saying that the Kamsalas are of all castes seven visses (viss, a measure of weight) less.[144]
In 1885, a criminal revision case came before the High Court of Madras, in which a goldsmith performed abishekam by pouring cocoanut-water over a lingam. In his judgment, one of the Judges recorded that the facts found are that 1st accused, a goldsmith by caste, on the night of the last Mahasivaratri, entered a Siva temple at Vizagapatam, and performed abishekam, i.e, poured cocoanut-water over the lingam, the 2nd and 3rd accused (Brahmans) reciting mantrams (sacred formulæ) while he did so. Another Brahman who was there expostulated with 1st accused, telling him that he, a goldsmith, had no right to perform abishekam himself, upon which 1st accused said that it was he who made the idol, and he was fit to perform abishekam. An outcry being raised, some other Brahmans came up, and objected to 1st accused performing abishekam, and he was turned out, and some ten rupees spent in ceremonies for the purification of the idol. The 2nd-class Magistrate convicted the 1st accused under sections 295 and 296, Indian Penal Code, and the 2nd and 3rd accused of abetment. All these convictions were reversed on appeal by the District Magistrate. There was certainly no evidence that any of the accused voluntarily caused disturbance to an assembly engaged in the performance of religious worship or religious ceremonies, and therefore a conviction under section 296 could not be supported. In order to support a conviction under section 295, it would be necessary for the prosecution to prove (1) that the accuseddefiled the lingam, and (2) that he did so, knowing that a class of persons, viz, the Brahmans, would consider such defilement as an insult to their religion. It may be noted that the 1st accused is a person of the same religion as the Brahmans, and, therefore, if the act be an insult at all, it was an insult to [145]his own religion. The act of defilement alleged was the performance of abishekam, or the pouring of cocoanut-water over the lingam. In itself, the act is regarded as an act of worship and meritorious, and I understand that the defilement is alleged to consist in the fact that the 1st accused was not a proper personnot being a Brahmanto perform such a ceremony, but that he ought to have got some Brahman to perform it for him. The other Judge (Sir T. Muttusami Aiyar) recorded that in many temples in this Presidency, it is not usual for worshippers generally to touch the idol or pour cocoanut-water upon it, except through persons who are specially appointed to do so, and enjoined to observe special rules of cleanliness. If the accused knew that the temple, in the case before us, is one of those temples, and if he did the act imputed to him to ridicule openly the established rule in regard to the purity of the lingam as an object of worship, it might then be reasonably inferred that he did the act wantonly, and with the intention of insulting the religious notions of the general body of worshippers. The Sub-Magistrate refers to no specific evidence in regard to the accuseds knowledge of the usage. I may also observe that, in certain temples attended by the lower classes, the slaughtering of sheep is an act of worship. But, if the same act is done in other temples to which other classes resort as places of public worship, it is generally regarded as a gross outrage or defilement. The High Court upheld the decision of the District Magistrate.
Each occupational sub-division of the Kamsalas has a headman styled Kulampedda, and occasionally the five headmen assemble for the settlement of some important question of general interest to the community.[146]
A Kamsala may, according to the custom called menarikam, claim his maternal uncles daughter in marriage. The following account of the wedding rites is given in the Nellore Manual. The relations of the bridegroom first go to the brides parents or guardians, and ask their consent to the proposed union. If consent is given, a day is fixed, on which relations of the bridegroom go to the brides house, where all her relations are present with cocoanuts, a cloth for the bride, betel, turmeric, etc. On the same occasion, the amount of the dower is settled. The bride bathes, and is adorned with flowers, turmeric, etc, and puts on the new cloth brought for her, and she receives the articles which the bridegrooms party have brought. On the auspicious day appointed for the marriage, the relations of the bride go to the bridegrooms house, and fetch him in a palanquin. A Brahman is sent for, who performs the ceremonies near the dais on which the bride and bridegroom are seated. After the recital of the mantras (hymns) before the young couple, he sends for their uncles, and blesses them. The bridegroom then ties a pilgrims cloth upon him, places a brass water-pot on his head, holds a torn umbrella in his hands, and starts out from the pandal (booth), and says he is going on a pilgrimage to Benares, when the brides brother runs after him, and promises that he will give his sister in marriage, swearing thrice to this effect. The bridegroom, satisfied with this promise, abandons his pretended journey, takes off his pilgrim cloths, and gives them, with the umbrella, to the Brahman. The couple seat themselves on the dais, and the Brahman, having repeated some mantras, gives a sacred thread to the bridegroom to place over his shoulders. He then blesses the mangalasutram (marriage badge corresponding to [147]the Tamil tali), and hands it to the bridegroom, who ties it round the brides neck, his sister or other elderly matron seeing that it is properly tied. The brides father comes forward, and, placing his daughters right hand in the bridegrooms right, pours water on them. The other ceremonies are exactly similar to those practiced by the Brahmans. Girls are invariably married before puberty. Widows are not allowed to remarry, and divorce is not recognised.
The Kamsalas are either Madhvas, Saivites, or Lingayats. All revere the caste goddess Kamakshi Amma, who is represented by each sub-division in a special manner. Thus the Kanchara represents her by the stone on which he beats his metal work, the goldsmith by one of his implements, and the blacksmith by his bellows. On the eighteenth day of the Dasara festival, an annual festival is celebrated in honour of the goddess.
The dead are buried in a seated posture, but, in recent years, some Kamsalas have taken to cremation. The death rites closely follow the Brahmanical form. Death pollution is observed for twelve days.
In the Vizagapatam district, some artisans are engaged in the ivory-carving industry. They manufacture for European clients fancy articles, such as chess-boards, photograph frames, card-cases, trinket boxes, and so on, from tortoise-shell, horn, porcupine quills, and ivory. The industry is in a flourishing state, and has won many medals at exhibitions. It is stated to have been introduced by Mr. Fane, who was Collector of the district from 1859 to 1862, and to have then been developed by the Kamsalis, and men of other castes who eventually took it up. The foundation of the fancy articles is usually sandal-wood, which is imported from [148]Bombay. Over this are laid porcupine quills split in half and placed side by side, or thin slices ofbison, buffalo, or stag horn, tortoise-shell, or ivory. The ivory is sometimes laid over the horn or shell, and is always either cut into geometrical patterns with a small key-hole saw, or etched with designs representing gods and flowers. The etching is done with a small V tool, and then black wax is melted into the design with a tool like a soldering iron, any excess being scraped off with a chisel, and the result is polished with a leaf of Ficus asperrima (the leaves of which are very rough, and used as a substitute for sand-paper). This gives a black design (sgraffito) on a white ground. The horn and porcupine quills are obtained from the Agency, and the tortoise-shell and ivory mainly from Bombay through the local Marvaris. The designs employed both in the etching and fret-work are stiff, and suited rather to work in metal than in ivory; and the chief merit of this Vizagapatam work perhaps lies in its careful finisha rare quality in Indian objects of art. The ivory is rarely carved now, but, in the Calcutta Museum and elsewhere, may be seen samples of the older Vizagapatam work, which often contained ivory panels covered with scenes from holy writ, executed in considerable relief.84
The caste title of the Kamsalas is usually Ayya, but, in recent times, a good many have taken the title Achari.
The two begging castes Panasa and Runja are stated by Mr. Hemingway to be exclusively devoted to the Kamsalas. The former, he writes, are said to be out-castes from the Komati sub-division of that name. Formerly in the service of the Nizam, it is said they [149]were disgraced by him, and driven to accept food of a degrading nature from a Kamsala. The Kamsalas accordingly took them under their protection. The Runjas are said to have been specially created by Siva. Siva had killed a giant named Ravundasura, and the giants dying request was that his limbs might be turned into musical instruments, and a special caste created to play them at the celebration of Sivas marriage. The Runjas were the caste created. The god ordered Viswakarma, the ancestor of the Kamsalas, to support them, and the Kamsalas say that they have inherited the obligation.
It is recorded, in the Kurnool Manual, that the story goes that in Golkonda a tribe of Komatis named Bacheluvaru were imprisoned for non-payment of arrears of revenue. Finding certain men of the artificer caste, who passed by in the street, spit chewed betel-nut, they got it into their mouths, and begged the artificers to get them released. The artificers pitied them, paid the arrears, and procured their release. It was then that the Kamsalis fixed a vartana or annual house fee for the maintenance of the Panasa class, on condition that they should not beg alms from the other castes.
Kamsala caste is one of the many castes subcastes of India.
India has thousands of castes and subcastes, they are in existence and practice since the Vedic times. They were created to solve the problem of division of labor. Kamsala caste name could indicate the type of work people belonging to the Kamsala caste do or did in earlier times. Many last names in India indicate the place the person originally belongs to. All castes sub castes are primarily divided into 4 categories:
1.Brahmins – The learned or priestly class
2.Khastriyas – The warrior class or those with governing functions
3.Vaishyas – The trader, agriculturalists or cattle rearers class
4.Shudra – The class that serves other three categories
Kamsala caste belongs to one of the above 4 categories. Indian caste system is the best system to solve the problem of division of labor. In earlier times there was no rigidity in caste system. Indian caste system is still the best solution for the problem of division of labor, the only change that is needed as per changed times is that rather than having a vertical hierarchical system with Brahmins on top and Shudras at bottom, it would be good to have a horizontal socialist system with Brahmins, Khastriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras all at same level.
The caste system of India is in ruins at present. It is also cause of bloody quarrels in certain parts of the rural India. People of backward castes have reservations in government jobs, this facility is widely misused in India. Many of the backward caste people have become rich and still use the facility for their benefit. Many in India believe reservation in jobs should be given on the basis of poverty rather than caste because there are many poors in upper castes as well.
Many criticize the Indian caste system because of bad material condition of lower castes but if they observe in an unbiased way they would find that there are many in upper castes with bad material conditions. The problem lies in power not in castes, power can corrupt anyone be it from upper caste or lower caste.
All cultures, all countries, all religions have caste system in one form or the other. Christians have different churches depending on the region or language or skin color of people. Muslims have a priestly class that tries to control everything. Arab Muslims before the oil boom were so much divided among tribes that if you drank water from a well of a different tribe you could be shot dead. Tribal divisions still exists among Muslims. You can also see the caste system in a different form in your corporate companies. I had seen different food and drinking facilities for people at different levels.
Kamsala caste is also known as Kamsala Gotra.
Caste situation is quiet different in urban India, people in urban areas especially youngsters don?t bother about castes. Inter caste, inter religious, inter lingual marriages are quiet common in urban India. Inter caste, inter religious and inter lingual marriages in rural areas attract severe criticism and many times people are expelled from community for not marrying as per religious and caste rules.